ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Positron emission tomography (PET) forms an integral part in work‑up and follow‑up of various malignancies. With the increased use of PET in oncology, finding of an incidental focal thyroid uptake (incidentaloma) is not unusual and presents a diagnostic challenge. AIM: The aim of the following study is to evaluate the frequency and radio‑pathologic correlation of focal 18‑fluoro deoxyglucose uptake (FDG) on PET within the thyroid from a large series. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of 37,000 consecutive patients who underwent FDG‑PET at tertiary cancer center in India. Radiological, pathological, PET scan and follow‑up details were evaluated. Statistical analyzes were carried out using Mann Whitney test and Pearson correlation. RESULTS: Abnormal thyroid uptake was seen in 78 (0.2%) patients. Nearly 61 (0.16%) scans had focal and 17 (0.04%) had diffuse FDG uptake. A total of 57 patients with focal uptake were available for further evaluation. No further evaluation was done in 24 (42.1%) patients who had advanced index malignancy. Of the remaining 33 patients 26 were benign and seven were a cause for concern (four primary thyroid cancers, one follicular neoplasm with hurthle cell change and two metastatic cancers). There was no significant correlation in Standardized uptake value (SUV) max of benign and malignant lesion (P = 0.5 on Mann Whitney) or size (r = 0.087 Pearson correlation co‑efficient P = 0.667). CONCLUSION: Incidence of PET incidentaloma is low in this large cohort of Indian patients. Nearly 27% of focal incidentaloma were malignant. There was no correlation between the SUVmax, size and malignancy.
ABSTRACT
The jaw of tiger (Panthera tigris) is derived for predation with powerful killing bites. They use large canine in a shearing bite to the throat of prey for severing nerves and blood vessels causing rapid collapse. The present study was proposed to keep on record the gross anatomical features of mandible of tiger. Gross anatomical study was conducted on mandibles of 3 adult tigers (age more than 8 years) of either sex. It was found that the mandible was the largest and thickest bone of the skull weighing 350.9gm. It forms the lower jaw in tiger. The mandible was formed of 2 halves which were symmetrical to each other and were fused rostrally by symphysis. Each half was consisted of one horizontal rod like part, it was flattened mediolaterally and thicker anteriorly. The other part was vertical, short plate like dorsal border of symphysis was bearing alveoli for teeth. The alveoli of each corner were larger for canine and medial to this 3 small alveoli were present on each side for incisors. The dorsal border of horizontal part of mandible was having 3 alveoli for only 3 cheek teeth on each side. The mandibular and mental foramina were large. It can be stated from the present study that the mandible of tiger can be differentiated on gross morphological and morphometrical parameters with leopard by presence of 3 incisor teeth and more prominent angle of mandible.